| Double Helix Structure of DNA | James Watson and Francis Crick’s groundbreaking discovery |
| Theory of Relativity | Albert Einstein’s revolutionary theory of space, time, and gravity |
| Higgs Boson Particle | Discovery of the fundamental particle predicted by the Standard Model |
| Darwin’s Theory of Evolution | Charles Darwin’s seminal work on natural selection and evolution |
| Penicillin | Alexander Fleming’s discovery of the first antibiotic |
| Quantum Mechanics | Foundation of modern physics, including wave-particle duality |
| Human Genome Project | Mapping of the human genome |
| Big Bang Theory | Explanation for the origin of the universe |
| General Theory of Relativity | Einstein’s theory describing gravitation as curvature of spacetime |
| The Origin of Species | Darwin’s book on evolution by natural selection |
| Structure of the Atom | Development of the atomic model |
| Theory of Plate Tectonics | Explanation for geological phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes |
| Special Theory of Relativity | Einstein’s theory regarding space and time for objects in inertial motion |
| Psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud’s theories on the unconscious mind |
| Computer Science | Development of algorithms, software, and hardware |
| Cognitive Psychology | Study of mental processes such as perception, memory, and reasoning |
| String Theory | Proposal to unify fundamental forces and particles in theoretical physics |
| Game Theory | Study of strategic decision-making |
| Fermat’s Last Theorem | Proof of a mathematical conjecture |
| Artificial Intelligence | Development of machines capable of intelligent behavior |
| CRISPR-Cas9 | Gene-editing technology with potential applications in medicine and biotechnology |
| Doppler Effect | Observation of frequency change in waves due to relative motion |
| Chaos Theory | Study of nonlinear and dynamic systems |
| The Double-Slit Experiment | Demonstration of wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics |
| The Standard Model of Particle Physics | Framework describing fundamental particles and forces |
| Pavlov’s Conditioning Experiments | Research on associative learning in behavioral psychology |
| The Age of the Universe | Determination of the age and expansion of the universe |
| The Solvay Conferences | Series of influential physics conferences |
| The Meselson-Stahl Experiment | Confirmation of DNA replication mechanism |
| The Milgram Experiment | Study on obedience to authority in psychology |
| The Stanford Prison Experiment | Exploration of the psychological effects of perceived power in roles |
| The Hawthorne Effect | Observation of increased productivity due to attention from researchers |
| The Asch Conformity Experiments | Investigation of conformity in group settings |
| The Marshmallow Test | Study on delayed gratification and self-control in children |
| The Zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment | Exploration of social dynamics in simulated prison environment |
| The Little Albert Experiment | Study on classical conditioning in fear responses |
| The Bohr Model of the Atom | Early model of atomic structure |
| The Miller-Urey Experiment | Attempt to simulate chemical origins of life on Earth |
| The Rutherford Model of the Atom | Development of the nuclear model of the atom |
| The Kinsey Reports | Landmark studies on human sexuality |
| The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales | Development of standardized intelligence testing |
| The Stroop Effect | Observation of interference in reaction time of a task |
| The Hawthorne Studies | Research on productivity and work conditions |
| The Flynn Effect | Observation of increasing intelligence test scores over generations |
| The Trolley Problem | Ethical dilemma in decision-making scenarios |
| The Black-Scholes Model | Mathematical model for pricing options |
| The Prisoner’s Dilemma | Paradigm of game theory |
| The Gold Standard in Economics | Historical monetary system |
| The Law of Large Numbers | Statistical theorem on the stability of outcomes |
| The Doppler Radar | Radar technology for measuring velocity |
| The Haber Process | Industrial synthesis of ammonia |
| The Turing Test | Test of a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behavior |
| The Oedipus Complex | Freudian theory on childhood psychosexual development |
| The Broken Window Theory | Criminological theory on societal behavior |
| The Drake Equation | Estimate of the number of extraterrestrial civilizations |
| The Theory of Multiple Intelligences | Gardner’s model of different types of intelligence |
| The Red Queen Hypothesis | Evolutionary theory on continual adaptation |
| The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion | Schachter and Singer’s theory on emotion |
| The Prisoner’s Dilemma | Paradigm of game theory |
| The Milgram Experiment | Study on obedience to authority in psychology |
| The Stanford Prison Experiment | Exploration of the psychological effects of perceived power in roles |
| The Marshmallow Test | Study on delayed gratification and self-control in children |
| The Asch Conformity Experiments | Investigation of conformity in group settings |
| The Hawthorne Effect | Observation of increased productivity due to attention from researchers |
| The Little Albert Experiment | Study on classical conditioning in fear responses |
| The Bobo Doll Experiment | Study on aggression and observational learning in children |
| The Still Face Experiment | Study on infant social development |
| The Strange Situation Experiment | Study on attachment styles in infants and caregivers |
| The Apgar Score | Evaluation system for newborns |
| The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales | Development of standardized intelligence testing |
| The Framingham Heart Study | Longitudinal study on cardiovascular health |
| The Nurses’ Health Study | Long-term investigation of women’s health |
| The Harvard Grant Study | Longitudinal study on adult development |
| The Robbers Cave Experiment | Study on intergroup conflict and cooperation |
| The Minnesota Starvation Experiment | Study on psychological and physiological effects of starvation |
